吸乳

吸出母乳

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促使妈妈吸乳的原因有很多。起初，有些妈妈要与宝宝分离，这使得妈妈难以每次都进行哺喂。而有的是因为婴儿出生过早或存在吸吮-吞咽-呼吸反射协调问题而无法进行母乳喂养。妈妈也需要吸乳器来提高泌乳量，但更多的时候，是因为重返工作岗位以及灵活调整生活而需要吸出的母乳。无论是何种情况，了解循证方案辅助吸乳都是十分必要的。

吸乳前

在吸乳之前，建议吸乳妈妈用肥皂和水彻底清洗手部。减少吸乳时的细菌含量有助于减少储存期间的细菌滋生问题。除手部清洁之后，未发现除日常卫生习惯之外的额外清洁乳房有任何益处。使用皮肤清洁剂清洗乳房与只用水清洗的杀菌效果类似，因此建议仅保持常规乳房卫生习惯即可。

吸乳

可用手或吸乳器进行吸乳。吸乳器的选择要视预期吸乳频率、时间限制、成本以及是否可供电而定。

当宝宝无法母乳喂养或无法有效吸出乳房母乳时，妈妈就需要帮助开始、建立和保持充足母乳供应。有效管理产后头两周对于妈妈长期泌乳至关重要。以下干预措施对于妈妈在产后几周内分泌充足母乳至关重要：

分娩后与宝宝进行皮肤接触：研究证实，这可以延长母乳喂养时间，因此应尽量做到
指导妈妈如何用手部进行乳房按摩
双侧吸乳（同步吸乳）：这有助于提高泌乳量
分娩后尽早排乳：相较于分娩后六小时内吸乳，分娩后一小时内吸乳有助于提高泌乳量，并且在未来几周内泌乳量将明显增加，这非常重要。
分娩之后使用启动技术 (Symphony PLUS)，在产后 6-13 天内的激活泌乳（下奶）时期使用双韵律 (2-Phase) 吸乳模式，有助于提高泌乳量
频繁吸乳也是一项重要因素。使用吸乳器每天吸乳超过六次的妈妈，与吸乳次数少于六次的妈妈相比，泌乳量更高。建议使用吸乳器的妈妈每天吸乳八次左右
哺喂间隔吸乳：对于偶尔吸乳哺喂宝宝且泌乳充足的妈妈，可在两次母乳哺喂间隔进行吸乳
穿戴舒适合身的吸乳护罩，不得挤压乳房，否则将损伤乳头；如果管道过紧，则有多种吸乳护罩尺寸可选
轻轻将吸乳护罩贴近乳房：这有助于防止乳导管受阻，并有效支撑乳房排乳

吸乳后

吸乳之后，根据使用说明进行清洁。

研究摘要

Breast pump suction patterns that mimic the human infant during breastfeeding: greater milk output in less time spent pumping for breast pump-dependent mothers with premature infants

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness, efficiency, comfort and convenience of newly designed breast pump suction patterns (BPSPs) that mimic sucking ...

Meier PP, Engstrom JL, Janes JE, Jegier BJ, Loera F (2012)

J Perinatol. 32(2):103-10

Simultaneous breast expression in breastfeeding women is more efficacious than sequential breast expression

Simultaneous (SIM) breast expression saves mothers time compared with sequential (SEQ) expression, but it remains unclear whether the two methods differ in milk output efficiency ...

Prime DK, Garbin CP, Hartmann PE, Kent JC (2012)

Breastfeed Med. 7(6):442-7

参考文献

Eglash, A. ABM clinical protocol #8: Human milk storage information for home use for full-term infants (original protocol March 2004; revision #1 March 2010). Breastfeed Med 5, 127-130 (2010).

Eteng, M.U., Ebong, P.E., Eyong, E.U. et al. Storage beyond three hours at ambient temperature alters the biochemical and nutritional qualities of breastmilk. Afr J Reprod Health 2001;5:130–134.

Hill, P.D., Aldag, J.C., Chatterton, R.T. Initiation and frequency of pumping and milk production in mothers of non-nursing preterm infants. J Hum Lact. 2001;17(1):9-13

Hill, P.D., Aldag, J.C., Chatterton, R.T., Zinaman, M. Comparison of Milk Output Between Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants: The First 6 Weeks After Birth. J Hum Lact. 2005 February 1, 2005;21(1):22-30.

Human Milk Banking Association of North America 2011 Best practice for expressing, storing and handling human milk in hospitals, homes, and child care settings (HMBANA, Fort Worth,( 2011).

Kent, J.C. et al. Importance of vacuum for breastmilk expression. Breastfeed Med 3, 11-19 (2008)（英语）。

Meier, P.P., Engstrom, J.L., Janes, J.E., Jegier, B.J. & Loera, F. Breast pump suction patterns that mimic the human infant during breastfeeding: Greater milk output in less time spent pumping for breast pump-dependent mothers with premature infants. J Perinatol 32, 103-110 (2012)（英语）。

Morton, J., Hall, J.Y., Wong, R.J., Benitz, W.E. & Rhine, W.D. Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants. J Perinatol 29, 757-764 (2009).

Parker, L.A., Sullivan, S., Krueger, C. & Mueller, M. Association of timing of initiation of breastmilk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage II among mothers of very low-birth-weight infants. Breastfeed Med (2015).

Prime, D.K., Garbin, C.P., Hartmann, P.E. & Kent, J.C. Simultaneous breast expression n breastfeeding women is more efficacious than sequential breast expression. Breastfeed Med 7, 442-447 (2012)（英语）。

Torowicz, D.L., Seelhorst, A., Froh, E.B., Spatz, D.L. Human milk and breastfeeding outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease. Breastfeed Med 10, 31-37(2015).