母乳喂养
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乳腺炎是一种乳房炎症,可能出现或不出现感染。乳腺炎多数发生在产后的前六周内,但是,也可发生在哺乳期间的其他时间。乳腺炎的原因与未充分排空乳汁、乳汁淤积和发炎有关。如果未正确处理乳导管受阻和肿胀乳房,则也可能导致乳腺炎。
由于各种原因,有的妈妈易于患乳腺炎,其中包括乳头损伤,尤其是在感染金黄色酿脓葡萄球菌、存在疾病或压力的情况下。其他导致乳腺炎的因素包括母乳喂养间隔时间过长或未频繁哺喂、衔乳不佳导致的排乳不充分、乳房周围衣物过紧、母乳供应量充足、快速断奶以及乳头上的白点。
乳腺炎表现为乳房敏感、发热或发烫、饱满、楔形边缘区域,常伴有发烧症状 (>38.5C)。有时会误以为乳腺炎症状是流感。乳腺炎也可以是指乳房肿胀(链接到肿胀主题)或乳导管受阻时的乳房炎症,表现为乳房发红、乳房疼痛和发热症状,未出现感染。如果处理不当,肿胀还会导致感染性乳腺炎和乳房囊肿。乳腺炎可在几小时内恶化,因此须立即就医。
当发现症状之后,建议立即咨询医疗专业人员,了解诊断和乳腺炎治疗方法。在多数情况下,一般不建议推荐使用实验室研究或其他诊断方案,除非出现以下情况:
应在保健专业人员或哺乳顾问的配合下实施管理计划。
可结合保健专业人员建议,实施以下循证方案:
A descriptive study of mastitis in Australian breastfeeding women: incidence and determinants
Mastitis is one of the most common problems experienced by women who are breastfeeding. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, which may or may ...
Amir LH, Forster DA , Lumley J, McLachlan H (2007)
ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014
A central goal of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. ...
Amir, L.H. ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014. Breastfeed Med 9, 239-243 (2014).
Jacobs, A. et al. S3-Guidelines for the Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Disease during the Lactation Period: AWMF Guidelines, Registry No. 015/071 (short version) AWMF Leitlinien-Register Nr. 015/071 (Kurzfassung). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 73, 1202-1208 (2013).
Amir, L.H., Forster, D.A., Lumley, J. & McLachlan, H. A descriptive study of mastitis in Australian breastfeeding women: incidence and determinants. BMC. Public Health 7, 62 (2007).
American Academy of Pediatrics and The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Breastfeeding handbook for physicians 2006).
Lawrence, R.A. & Lawrence, R.M. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession (Elsevier Mosby, Maryland Heights, MO, 2011).
Hale, T.W., Rowe, H.E. Medications and Mothers' Milk 2014 (Hale Publishing, Plano, 2014).
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