母乳喂养
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众所周知,分娩和医院实践会影响早期母乳喂养体验。分娩期间以及产后的头几个小时和几天内存在压力会影响泌乳 II 期(乳腺活化期)时间和长期泌乳的成功。 乳腺活化期可解释为开始分泌大量乳汁,由黄体酮降低而引起,大约在产后的两到三天内下奶。此时,乳房完全分化并展现出功能性,并会有典型的“乳房充盈”感。乳腺活化期延迟(> 72 小时)的妈妈,其母乳喂养持续的时间较短,而且很有可能会短于泌乳启动较早的妈妈。
某些生物因素,包括 BMI、孕妇和婴儿疾病状况、婴儿出生体重、胎龄、乳房和乳头类型、焦虑和压力等均会影响早期母乳喂养体验,并可能导致泌乳激活延迟。此外,如果在产后前期未适当管理与分娩和医院实践相关的特定风险因素,则也会对长期哺乳产生负面影响。
与分娩相关的风险因素包括:
住院期间的风险因素包括:
为解决分娩和住院期间的这些难题,妈妈早期可能需要保健专业人员的支持,帮助妈妈母乳喂养新生儿。
研究证据一致表明,出生之后立即让新生儿肌肤贴近妈妈肌肤以及在出生一小时内进行母乳喂养有助于达到更好的母乳喂养效果。这还可以降低泌乳激活延迟的风险,提高泌乳量以及延长母乳喂养时间。因此,宝宝在产房出生后,要让妈妈有机会进行母乳喂养,并且贴近宝宝肌肤。建议:在宝宝出生一小时内,避免母婴分离。只要可保证医疗安全性,则无需中断第一次哺喂。
剖腹产之后,仍需将新生儿皮肤贴近妈妈上腹部和胸部。剖腹产的妈妈在放置宝宝时,可能需要护理人员和家人帮助。
如果因为母婴分离,无法在宝宝出生后一小时内进行母乳喂养,则建议在分娩一小时内吸乳。研究证实,与宝宝出生一小时内未开始吸乳的妈妈相比,宝宝出生一小时内开始吸乳的妈妈泌乳激活时间更早、母乳喂养持续时间更长且泌乳量更多。
频繁母乳喂养有助于妈妈产生充足泌乳量,最大限度避免宝宝体重丢失并促进胆红素含量降低。研究证实,与产后头两周内母乳喂养不频繁的妈妈相比,母乳喂养频繁的妈妈能够分泌更多母乳。对于使用吸乳器频繁吸乳的妈妈也可达到类似效果。
因此,建议新妈妈每次母乳喂养时轮换乳房哺喂。通常,新生儿 24 小时内需母乳喂养 8-12 次,平均间隔为两到三个小时,但不同宝宝之间存在较大差异。
应开展员工培训和实行循证哺乳方案。其中包括了解母乳喂养重要性的政策以及鼓励提示性/按需哺喂、母婴同室、免扰式母乳喂养,如果妈妈或宝宝存在问题,还可实施母乳喂养标准化管理。此外,应避免使用安抚奶嘴和补充品(除非医嘱)。出院以后,请与哺乳专业人士保持联系并寻求持续帮助,这非常重要。
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Association of timing of initiation of breastmilk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage II among mothers of very low-birth-weight infants
Feeding breastmilk to premature infants decreases morbidity but is often limited owing to an insufficient milk supply and delayed attainment of lactogenesis stage II. Early ...
Parker LA, Sullivan S, Krueger C, Mueller M (2015)
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