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条目 职业教育 服务 关于母乳喂养的承诺

母乳的好处

母乳喂养的益处

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母乳喂养的重要性是世界公认的。世界卫生组织建议妈妈在宝宝出生头六个月纯母乳喂养宝宝,之后在添加辅食的基础上至少坚持两年。但是,除了其营养价值之外,母乳喂养还有以下几项好处: 保护宝宝降低感染风险,改善妈妈和宝宝的生理系统功能,有助于增进母婴情感。

对妈妈的好处

产后早期妈妈和宝宝之间的身体接触有利于延长泌乳期,适应妈妈的胃肠道变化,增加哺乳期间的能量需求。母乳喂养让妈妈更关注宝宝的需求,可加速产后产后子宫复旧,减少出血的风险。有利于妈妈恢复孕前体重,降低患卵巢癌、乳腺癌、心血管疾病和 2 型糖尿病的风险。

母乳喂养具有长期抗应激作用; 每次给宝宝亲喂母乳,妈妈的血压和皮质醇水平都会下降,与妈妈用奶瓶喂宝宝相比,亲喂时妈妈的身体应激反应皮质醇的升高幅度较小。与不进行母乳喂养或不生育的同龄妇女相比,亲喂母乳的妈妈可能会更镇定、更好相处。其实,母乳喂养有利于妈妈和宝宝的互动,让妈妈在宝宝出生后立即与宝宝亲肤接触,与宝宝相处得更久,亲喂时间更长。

对宝宝的益处

母乳既为宝宝的成长和发育提供最佳营养成分(脂肪、乳糖、蛋白质和宏量营养素),又能完全保护(生化和细胞成分)宝宝不受感染。与配方奶喂养的宝宝相比,足月宝宝喝母乳可显著改善其营养状况,促进胃肠道成熟和神经发育,不易受感染,不易患有慢性病。母乳喂养早产宝宝还有其它益处,包括减少患新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、 肠内喂养不耐症、慢性肺病、早产儿视网膜病变、神经发育迟缓和 再入院治疗的风险。

就宝宝发育而言,母乳喂养宝宝有许多好处,包括促进神经发育、提高行为等级、减少患肥胖症和成年 2 型糖尿病的风险。此外,母乳喂养还可促进宝宝口腔和面部的正常生长,包括促进牙列、口周和咬肌活动和上颚生长。降低中耳炎的风险。

母乳喂养还有利于增进母婴感情。吸吮等亲肤接触和触觉刺激乳头会导致缩宫素(射乳反射的关键激素)的释放,可培养母婴感情。缩宫素的释放增加了流入妈妈乳房和乳头区的血流量,使皮肤温度升高,给宝宝营造温暖和滋养的环境。

研究摘要

Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries

We reviewed the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-term infant and maternal health outcomes in developed countries. ...

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J (2007)

Evid Rep Technol Assess (153):1-186


An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products

To evaluate the health benefits of an exclusively human milk-based diet compared with a diet of both human milk and bovine milk-based products in extremely ...

Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, Patel AL, Trawöger R, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Chan GM, Blanco CL, Abrams S, Cotten CM, Laroia N, Ehrenkranz RA, Dudell G, Cristofalo EA, Meier P, Lee ML, Rechtman DJ, Lucas A (2010)

J Pediatr. (156):562-7

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参考文献

Altemus, M. et al. Suppression of hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in lactating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, 2954-2959 (1995).

Chung, M. et al. Interventions in primary care to promote breastfeeding: An evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 149, 565-582 (21-10-2008).

Diouf, J.S. et al. Influence of the mode of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking on the dimensions of primary dental arches. Int Orthod 8, 372-385 (2010).

Gartner, L.M. et al. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115, 496-506 (2005).

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Ip, S. et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 153, 1-186 (2007).

Kramer, M.S. et al. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child behavior and maternal adjustment: Evidence from a large, randomized trial. Pediatrics 121, e435-e440 (2008).

Labbok, M.H. and Hendershot, G.E. Does breast-feeding protect against malocclusion? An analysis of the 1981 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Prev Med 3, 227-232 (1987).

Murray, E.K., Ricketts, S. & Dellaport, J. Hospital practices that increase breastfeeding duration: results from a population-based study. Birth 34, 202-211 (2007).

Nissen, E. et al. Oxytocin, prolactin, milk production and their relationship with personality traits in women after vaginal delivery or Cesarean section. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 19, 49-58 (1998).

Rosenbauer, J., Herzig, P. & Giani, G. Early infant feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus - a nationwide population-based case-control study in pre-school children. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 24, 211-222 (2008).

Schwarz, E.B. Infant feeding in America: enough to break a mother's heart? Breastfeed.Med. 8, 454-457 (2013).

Sullivan, S. et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr 156, 562-567 (2010).

Uvnas-Moberg, K. and Petersson, M. [Oxytocin, a mediator of anti-stress, well-being, social interaction, growth and healing]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 51, 57-80 (2005).

Vohr, B.R. et al. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 120, e953-e959 (2007).

WHO and UNICEF. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2003).

Widstrom, A.M. et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behaviour. Early Hum Dev 21, 153-163 (1990).

Winberg, J. Mother and newborn baby: Mutual regulation of physiology and behavior - a selective review. Dev Psychobiol 47, 217-229 (2005).

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